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This paper reviews the research progress on live-cell super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, discusses the current research status and hotspots in this field, and summarizes the technological application of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy for live-cell imaging. To date, this field has gained progress in numerous aspects. Specifically, the structured illumination microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, and the recently introduced minimal photon fluxes microscopy are the current research hotspots. According to the current progress in this field, future development trend is likely to be largely driven by artificial intelligence as well as advances in fluorescent probes and relevant labelling methods.
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Artificial Intelligence , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Fluorescent Dyes , TechnologyABSTRACT
There is a shared problem in current optical imaging technologies of how to obtain the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profiles. In this work, an imaging system for obtaining the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profile was presented. Firstly, Fourier transformation profilometry was used for obtaining the profile information of biological tissues, and then the difference of incident light intensity at different positions on biological tissue surface was corrected with the laws of illumination, and lastly the optical parameters of biological tissues were achieved with the spatial frequency domain imaging technique. Experimental results indicated the proposed imaging system could obtain the profile information and the optical parameters of biological tissues accurately and quickly. For the slab phantoms with height variation less than 30 mm and angle variation less than 40º, the maximum relative errors of the profile uncorrected optical parameters were 46.27% and 72.18%, while the maximum relative errors of the profile corrected optical parameters were 6.89% and 10.26%. Imaging experiments of a face-like phantom and a human's prefrontal lobe were performed respectively, which demonstrated the proposed imaging system possesses clinical application value for the achievement of the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profiles. Besides, the proposed profile corrected method can be used to combine with the current optical imaging technologies to reduce the influence of the profile information of biological tissues on imaging quality.
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Humans , Diagnostic Imaging , Light , Optical Imaging , Phantoms, ImagingABSTRACT
The uniformity of blue LED array in jaundice treatment box is improved. The mathematical model of illumination uniformity algorithm for inner and outer LED arrays layout is established. Taking the actual size of blue light board in jaundice treatment box as an example, the optimal illumination uniformity with best LED arrays layout are obtained through programming iteration and simulation verification. The uniformity of blue light LED improved 42.9 % comparing with tradition LED arrays.
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Humans , Computer Simulation , Jaundice , Light , LightingABSTRACT
@#In modern society, children and adolescents are experiencing an increasing incidence of myopia, resulting from the combined influence of genetic factor and environmental factor. Despite the influence of genetic factor, a great number of researches indicate that environmental factor has been playing a crucial role. Outdoor activity proves to be a major protective factor to reduce the incidence of children's myopia. Sunlight is one of the important ones among various factors of outdoor activity. The intensity, wavelength and rhythm of sunlight may all affect eyeball's refraction development. Varied sunlight environment may have different influences on eyeball's refraction development. The paper has summarized clinical and trial and animal experiment research results on how sunlight affects eyeball's refraction development, and it has offered references to further study on refractive error development mechanism and prevention strategy.
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Background Neuroendoscopy is gaining popularity and is reaching new realms. Young neurosurgeons are exploring the various possibilities associated with the use of neuroendoscopy. Neuroendoscopy in excision of parenchymal brain tumors is less explored, and young neurosurgeons should be aware of the realities. The present article is an approach to put forward the difficulties faced by a young neurosurgeon and the lessons learnt. Objective To report the experience of surgical excision of parenchymal brain tumors, in selected cases, using pure endoscopic approach and to discuss its feasibility, technical benefits, risks and comparison with conventional microscopic excision. Method Eight patients of variable age group with parenchymal brain tumors were operated upon by a single surgeon and followed up for a period varying from6months to 2 years. Data regarding operating time, illumination, clarity of the field, size of craniotomy, blood loss and course of recovery was evaluated. All of the tumors were resected using rigid high definition zero and 30° endoscope. Results Out of eight cases, seven had lesions in the supratentorial and one in the infratentorial location. The age group ranged from 27 to 74 years old. Near to gross total resection was achieved in all except two cases. All of the patients recovered well without any significant morbidity or mortality. Hospital stay was reduced by 1 day on average. Conclusion Excision of parenchymal brain tumors via pure endoscopic method is a safe and efficient procedure. Although there is an initial period of learning curve, it is not steep for those already practicing neuroendoscopy, but the approach has its advantages.
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Brain Neoplasms/surgery , Neuroendoscopy/adverse effects , Neuroendoscopy/methods , Parenchymal Tissue/surgery , Neuronavigation/methods , EndoscopyABSTRACT
El análisis de los movimientos oculares permite diagnosticar enfermedades neurodegenerativas, neuropsiquiátricas y neurooftalmológicas, entre otras, que afectan el desempeño social del individuo. En este análisis ha tomado auge mundial el empleo de la videoculografía, por su simplicidad estructural, exactitud y factibilidad económica a largo plazo. Al respecto, el objetivo de la actual investigación fue desarrollar y evaluar un sistema de estimulación visual y registro de los movimientos oculares. El sistema en cuestión permitió obtener imágenes oculares con buena resolución (2 megapíxeles), nitidez y contraste que facilitaron su posterior procesamiento. De igual modo, las pruebas de estimulación mediante el uso de patrones sacádicos con amplitudes entre 30º y 60º a la frecuencia de 0,5 Hz permitieron obtener con suficiente calidad las imágenes registradas y verificar que los movimientos oculares del centro de la pupila siguen fielmente a dichos patrones.
The analysis of eye movements allows to diagnose neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric and neuroophthalmologic diseases, among other that affect the individual social performance. In this analysis the use of videoculography is gaining in importance worldwide, due to its structural simplicity, precision and long term economic feasibility. In this respect, the objective of this investigation was to develop and evaluate a system of visual stimulation and record of the eye movements. The system in question allowed to obtain ocular images with good resolution (2 megapixels), clarity and contrast that facilitated its later processing. In a same way, the tests of stimulation by means of the sacadic patterns use with amplitudes between 30º and 60º to the 0,5Hz frequency allowed to obtain with enough quality the images recorded and to verify that the eye movements of the pupil center follow these patterns very closely.
Subject(s)
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Eye Movement Measurements , Spectrophotometry, InfraredABSTRACT
Purpose: To evaluate light exposure from microscope versus intracameral illuminations to patient's and surgeon's retina during cataract surgery. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients who had cataract surgery using microscope and intracameral illuminations. At the point of the ocular of an operating microscope, optical illuminance and irradiance from the microscope illumination (60, 40, 20% intensity) and the intracameral illumination (60% intensity) were measured using a light meter and a spectrometer at a pause after lens capsule polishing in cataract surgery. Results: Average illuminance (lux) was 1.46, 0.66, 0.27, and 0.1 from 60%, 40%, 20% intensity microscope illuminations and 60% intracameral illumination. Average total spectral irradiance (?W/cm2) was 1.25, 0.65, 0.26, and 0.03 from 60%, 40%, 20% intensity microscope illuminations and 60% intracameral illumination. Conclusion: Microscope ocular illuminance and irradiance during cataract surgery were higher in the microscope illumination than in the intracameral illumination. It suggests that light exposure reaching patient's and surgeon's retina during cataract surgery is lower in the intracameral illumination than in the microscope illumination.
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PURPOSE: We compared the posterior capsule rupture (PCR) rate between microscope versus intracameral illumination in phacoemulsification surgery performed by novice ophthalmologists. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 300 eyes of 211 patients who underwent phacoemulsification by novice ophthalmologists from March 2012 to October 2017. Novice ophthalmologists (n = 6) were divided into those using microscope illumination (n = 4) and intracameral illumination users (n = 2). The first 50 cataract surgery cases of each novice ophthalmologist were reviewed. The results using a phacoemulsification machine and microscopy were the same. The intraoperative complications and learning curve in each case were evaluated. RESULTS: Phacoemulsifications performed by novice ophthalmologists showed a statistically significant difference in PCR rate between the microscope illumination (19.0%, 38/200) and intracameral illumination (4.0%, 4/100) groups (p = 0.001). The incidence of PCR was reduced to 22%, 18%, 16%, 12%, and 8% per 10 cases in the microscope group, while it was 15% in the first 10 cases and 0% in 50 cases thereafter in the intracameral illumination group. CONCLUSIONS: Novice surgeons had a lower PCR rate during cataract surgery using intracameral illumination than using microscope illumination. Both groups showed a tendency for the PCR to decrease with increasing surgical cases, but the intracameral illumination group showed a shorter learning curve.
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Humans , Cataract , Incidence , Intraoperative Complications , Learning Curve , Lighting , Microscopy , Phacoemulsification , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Retrospective Studies , Rupture , SurgeonsABSTRACT
The parameters of illumination conditions include duration,illumination intensity,color temperature and so on.Different combinations of these conditions have different effects on human beings at the visual and psychological level and are related to occurrence or prevention of psychological diseases.Extension of illumination time and phase change of circadian rhythm increase the risk of bipolar disorder;changes in daytime,night or all-day illumination intensity have psychological effects,especially exposure to light at night increases risk of depression;inaddition,changes in color temperature of light also have psychological effects.This paper reviewed the effects of different illumination conditions on visual psychology.
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The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of endoilluminator in pediatric cataract with hazy corneas. We describe a series of three cases of pediatric cataract where visualization of intraocular structures was inadequate under the operating microscope. The endoilluminator was held at the limbus with light directed obliquely to visualize the details of intraocular structures against the hazy cornea using oblique illumination. It allowed structures behind the hazy cornea to be seen with ease. A simple modification in surgical procedure of pediatric cataract using an endoilluminator helps in better visualization of intraocular structures in difficult situations.
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@#AIM: To evaluate advantages of chandelier illumination system during scleral buckling(SB)procedures for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)surgery. <p>METHODS: In this comparative, retrospective study, data of 72 eyes of 72 patients undergoing SB for RRD at Minerva Hospital(Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Italy), divided in 2 groups of 36 eyes each were collected. In one group(group A)eyes underwent SB with chandelier, in the other one(group B)eyes underwent SB without using chandelier illumination system. Every eye of both groups was checked before surgery and at 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 90 and 180d follow up. Parameters such as additional procedures, best spectacles visual acuity(BSVA)(measured with Snellen Lines as decimal fraction), surgical time and retinal breaks recurrences had been analyzed before and after surgery and statistical comparison have been run between two groups.<p>RESULTS: A significant(<i>P</i><0.01)improvement in BSVA was observed at 6mo follow up in both groups; comparing groups A and B, no significant clinical differences was found in recurrences rate whereas mean surgical time in group A was statistically lower than the group B ones. <p>CONCLUSION: According to results observed, even if they need to be confirmed in further studies with larger population, chandelier illumination system could be considered a valuable tool for SB surgery in eyes affected by RRD.
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Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 59 trabajadores que se encontraban laborando físicamente en el Servicio de Estomatología del Policlínico Docente Julián Grimau de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2015 hasta igual mes de 2016, con el fin de identificar la iluminación como agente físico negativo en el ambiente laboral. En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino (93,2 por ciento), el grupo etario de 50-54 años (23,7 por ciento), los estomatólogos generales integrales (44,0 por ciento), así como el departamento de Ortodoncia y Periodoncia como el de menor iluminación. Por otra parte, 81,4 por ciento de los trabajadores estaban expuestos a esta problemática y 93,8 por ciento presentaban afecciones oculares. Se evidenció que la iluminación deficiente encontrada en todos los departamentos del mencionado centro resulta perjudicial para la salud de los profesionales de la estomatología
An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 59 workers that were physically working in the Stomatological Service of Julián Grimau Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from July, 2015 to the same month in 2016, with the purpose of identifying the illumination as negative physical agent in the working environment. In the series there was a prevalence of the female sex (93.2 percent), the 50-54 years age group (23.7 percent), the comprehensive general dentists (44.0 percent), as well as the Orthodontics and Periodontics department as that of less illumination. On the other hand, 81.4 percent of the workers were exposed to this problem and 93.8 percent presented ocular disorders. It was evidenced that poor illumination found in all the departments of the mentioned center is harmful for the stomatology professionals health
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Lighting , Oral Medicine , Darkness/adverse effects , Dental Service, Hospital , Dentistry , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Observational StudyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To study the stability of baicalin magnesium salt. METHODS:The stability of baicalin magnesium salt at high temperature(60 ℃),high humidity(90%),strong illumination(4000 lx),different temperatures(20,37,50,60 ℃) and pHs(6.80,5.70,4.60,4.30,3.90,3.60,3.20) was investigated,and HPLC was used to detect the drug contents. RESULTS:High humidity test indicated that the quality of baicalin magnesium salt was increased by (6.17 ± 0.12)% in the 5th day and in-creased by(6.92±0.05)% in the 10th day. Drug contents in the 10th day were respectively(94.78±0.12)%,(94.79±0.20)%, (94.66±0.15)% in the high temperature,high humidity,strong illumination tests(n=3). In phosphate buffer solution(pH 6.80), baicalin magnesium salt was stable only when the temperature was below 20 ℃;and it was yet stable in pure water(pH 6.76)at 37 ℃. pH stability test showed that the most stable pH was 4.30. CONCLUSIONS:Baicalin magnesium salt has hygroscopicity to some extent. Strong illumination affects the stability more seriously than high temperature and high humidity. The stability of ba-icalin magnesium salt in pure water is superior to in phosphate buffer solution,and the salt is stable in weak acid solution.
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Objective To explore the application effect of a new lighted surgical aspirator in deep brain hematoma removal operation.Methods Totally 153 patients of non-traumatic basis festival area cerebral hemorrhage were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group.Both the groups underwent clearance of intracranial hematoma and decompressive craniectomy surgical operation in the operating room,with the common aspirator involved in the control group and the lighted one in the treatment group.Results There was no significant difference between the rates of hematomal removal in the groups (P＞0.05).The treatment group had the operating time less by 59.85 min and the hospital stay decreased by 15.23 d than those in the control group (P＜0.05).The GOS score and daily viability of the treatment group was also statistically higher than those of the control group (P＜0.05),and the effective rate in the treatment group was also more than that in the control group by 24.9％ (P＜0.05).Conclusion The new aspirator solves the problems in visual field and light source,decreases the operating time and improves the disease prognosis.
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Objective To investigate the effect of prolonged stroboscopic illumination exposure on the growth of eyeball of guinea pig. Methods Thirty 2-week-old guinea pigs were randomized into three groups ( n=10 for each) . Two strobe-reared groups were raised with 20 Hz sinusoidal and 20 Hz square wave stroboscopic illumination, respectively. The control group received usual light illumination. The illumination intensity was 500 lux. All animals underwent refraction and biometric measurements prior to and after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of treatment. Finally, flash electroretinograms were com-pared, and retinal microstructures were examined. Results There was a significant correlation between refractive errors and axial eye elongation, and myopia increasing was observed with eye elongation. After 8 weeks of treatment, the animals raised in 20 Hz sinusoidal and 20 Hz square wave stroboscopic illumination were (-0. 75 ± 0. 79)D and (-1. 50 ± 0. 91) D more myopic than the group raised in continuous illumination. The implicit time of the a-wave was delayed by 3. 8 and 7. 9 ms, respectively. No significant difference was found in retinal ultrastructures among the three groups. Conclusions Chronic exposure to 20 Hz sinusoidal or square wave stroboscopic illumination alters the emmetropization of the guinea pig eye to some extent.
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Objective To investigate the effect of prolonged stroboscopic illumination exposure on the growth of eyeball of guinea pig. Methods Thirty 2-week-old guinea pigs were randomized into three groups ( n=10 for each) . Two strobe-reared groups were raised with 20 Hz sinusoidal and 20 Hz square wave stroboscopic illumination, respectively. The control group received usual light illumination. The illumination intensity was 500 lux. All animals underwent refraction and biometric measurements prior to and after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of treatment. Finally, flash electroretinograms were com-pared, and retinal microstructures were examined. Results There was a significant correlation between refractive errors and axial eye elongation, and myopia increasing was observed with eye elongation. After 8 weeks of treatment, the animals raised in 20 Hz sinusoidal and 20 Hz square wave stroboscopic illumination were (-0. 75 ± 0. 79)D and (-1. 50 ± 0. 91) D more myopic than the group raised in continuous illumination. The implicit time of the a-wave was delayed by 3. 8 and 7. 9 ms, respectively. No significant difference was found in retinal ultrastructures among the three groups. Conclusions Chronic exposure to 20 Hz sinusoidal or square wave stroboscopic illumination alters the emmetropization of the guinea pig eye to some extent.
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Existing light sources for intraocular illumination are often bulky and expensive and pose a risk for the patient, because light guides are inserted in the eye through incisions and if the tip of these light guides get too close to the retina, the retina can be damaged photochemically within minutes or even seconds. Therefore a new, safe and simple device for intraocular illumination is developed and evaluated for its thermal and photochemical risks to the patient. It consists of a white LED which is integrated into a pen like holder. This device is pressed against the sclera by the physician who seeks for illumination during surgery or for diagnostic purposes. The LED light is transmitted through the sclera without the need for an incision. Considering the relevant standards, the device poses no harm to the patient, and in tests with the authors' own eyes a sufficient intraocular illumination is reached. The proposed device is quite simple but easy to handle and very gentle for the patient.
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Humans , Lighting , Retina , ScleraABSTRACT
Resumen La iluminación es una de las características físicas más críticas en un espacio de aprendizaje. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar mediante dos instancias experimentales el desempeño atencional en una tarea de detección de detalles monocromáticos en aulas bajo diferentes condiciones de iluminación, contemplando las variables de temperatura de color correlacionada (TCC: 6500 ºK - 4000 ºK) e iluminancia horizontal (Eh: 300 lx - 500 lx). El diseño experimental empleado fue un experimento intra-sujetos y la muestra estuvo compuesta por 34 alumnos entre 8 y 9 años. Se administró el Test CARAS-R para evaluar eficacia (EA), eficiencia (FA) y rendimiento atencional (RA). Los resultados evidencian diferencias en la FA (Z= -2.470; p= .013) y RA (Z= -2.385; p= 0.16) de los niños, según las condiciones de TCC. No se registraron diferencias en atención en función de Eh. Promover diseños de acondicionamientos lumínicos eficientes en las aulas es un modo de favorecer el desempeño cognitivo de sus ocupantes.
Abstract Lighting is one of the most critical physical characteristics in a learning space. This paper aims to evaluate by two experimental instances attentional performance in a detection task related to monochrome details in classrooms under different lighting conditions, considering correlated color temperature variables (CCT: 6500 ° K - 4000 ° K) and horizontal illuminance (Ehor: 300 lx - 500 lx). The experimental design was a within-subject design experiment and the sample consisted of 34 students between 8 and 9 years old. CARAS-R Test was administered to assess efficacy (EA), efficiency (FA) and attentional performance. In attentional efficiency (Z = 2470, p = .013) and attentional performance (Z = 2385, p = 0.16) of children, significant differences in the conditions of CCT were observed. No differences in Ehor occurred. It was found that providing efficient lighting designs in the classroom may promote its occupants cognitive performance.
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Objective To explore the disruption of circadian rhythm induced by the alteration of il?lumination leads to cognition impairement and mood dysreguation in mice. Methods 36 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into constant light group( CL) ,normal light group( N) and constant darkness group( CD) . Open field test was applied for the comparison of locomotor activity,tail suspension test and forced swimming test were conducted for assessment of mood state,and elevated plus?maze and Morris water maze were con?ducted for assessment of cognitive function. Results ( 1) Different circadian rhythms did not change the lo?comotor activity among three groups (CL:(200 160.00±955.28)cm,N:(208 148.00±578.11)cm,CD:(179 128.00±1 185.80)cm, P>0.05). (2) Compared with the control group,CL and CD mice showed significantly decreased immobility time in both TST (CD:(40.16±3.82)s,N:(18.83±2.27)s,CL:(46.00±2.80)s, P<0.01) and FST(CD:(181.33±9.03)s,N:(118.83±7.68)s,CL:(151.83±3.06)s, P<0.05). (3) Compared with the control group,CL and CD mice spent less time (CD:(21.76±6.88)s,N:(80.67±11.19)s,CL:(12.50±5.23)s, P<0.05) and made fewer entries (CD:3.33±0.49,N:6.83±0.91,CL:2.00±0.77, P<0.05) into open arms in elevated plus?maze, and exhibited less crossings in target quarter in Morris water maze (CL:2.67±0.76,N:5.00±0.26,CD:2.83±0.40, P<0.05). Conclusion Chronic constant light or darkness leads to negative impacts on mood and cognition in mice.
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Background: Visual acuity is an essential estimate to assess ability of the visual system and is used as an indicator of ocular health status. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the consistency of acuity estimates from three different clinical visual acuity charts under two levels of ambient room illumination. Materials and Methods: This study involved thirty Malay university students aged between 19 and 23 years old (7 males, 23 females), with their spherical refractive error ranging between plano and –7.75D, astigmatism ranging from plano to –1.75D, anisometropia less than 1.00D and with no history of ocular injury or pathology. Right eye visual acuity (recorded in logMAR unit) was measured with Snellen letter chart (Snellen), wall mounted letter chart (WM) and projected letter chart (PC) under two ambient room illuminations, room light on and room light off. Results: Visual acuity estimates showed no statistically significant difference when measured with the room light on and with the room light off (F1,372 = 0.26, P = 0.61). Post-hoc analysis with Tukey showed that visual acuity estimates were significantly different between the Snellen and PC (P = 0.009) and between Snellen and WM (P = 0.002). Conclusions: Different levels of ambient room illumination had no significant effect on visual acuity estimates. However, the discrepancies in estimates of visual acuity noted in this study were purely due to the type of letter chart used.